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Shock

by Krisha McCoy, MS

Definition

Shock occurs when inadequate blood flow threatens the function of multiple organs. Shock is a potentially life-threatening condition. The sooner it is treated, the better the outcome. If you suspect someone is in shock, call for medical help right away.

Causes TOP

Some causes of shock include:

Heart failure
Heart attack
Spinal cord injury
Systemic infection—sepsis
Other severe infection
Allergic reaction
Poisoning
Loss of blood volume (hypovolemia)—this can be from severe bleeding or severe dehydration
Heatstroke
Trauma
Severe hypoglycemia
Stroke

Risk Factors TOP

Factors that may increase your chance of shock include:

Pre-existing heart or blood vessel disease
Impaired immunity
Severe allergies
Severe trauma
Diabetes

Symptoms TOP

The symptoms of shock depend on the cause.

Symptoms may include:

Weakness
Altered mental status
Cool and clammy skin
Pale or mottled skin color
Decreased urination
Slow heartbeat
Slow and shallow or rapid and deep breathing
Lackluster (dull) eyes
Dilated pupils

Symptom of Shock

Diagnosis TOP

A physical exam will be done.

Tests may include the following:

Breathing assessment
Blood pressure measurement
Heart rate monitoring
Other testing depending on the cause of shock
- Blood tests and cultures
- Electrocardiogram (EKG)
- Imaging tests

Treatment TOP

Treatment options include the following:

Breathing Resuscitation

If you are having trouble breathing, your doctor will clear your airway. Oxygen and breathing assistance may be provided if you need it.

Optimizing Blood Pressure and Heart Rate

You will receive an IV for fluids and/or blood transfusions. These will stabilize your blood pressure and heart rate.

Insertion of IV for Transfusion or Medications

Medications TOP

You may be given vasopressors. These medications constrict your blood vessels to increase blood pressure. Drugs may also be used to increase your heart contractions.

Other medications may be used depending on the underlying cause.

Prevention TOP

To help reduce your chance of shock:

Prevent or control heart or vascular disease.
Avoid activities that put you at risk of falls or other injuries.
Carry an epinephrine pen with you if you have a severe allergy.
Manage conditions, such as diabetes, as advised by your doctor.

RESOURCES:

American College of Emergency Physicians
http://www.acep.org

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov

CANADIAN RESOURCES:

Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians
http://caep.ca

Canadian Red Cross
http://www.redcross.ca

References:

The signs of hypovolemic shock. Health Guidance website. Available at:
...(Click grey area to select URL)
Accessed November 23, 2015.

Explore cardiogenic shock. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute website. Available at:
...(Click grey area to select URL)
Updated July 1, 2011. Accessed November 23, 2015.

Last reviewed November 2015 by Michael Woods, MD
Last Updated: 12/20/2014

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