Definition

A seizure is abnormal electrical activity in the brain. When 2 or more seizures occur, it is considered a seizure disorder, also known as epilepsy. While there are many different types of seizures, the main categories are:

• Generalized seizure—activity occurs throughout the brain
• Partial seizure, also called a focal seizure—begins within certain areas of the brain

Generalized Seizure Abnormal and excessive electrical activity in the brain. Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.

Causes

Seizure disorder is caused by abnormal brain function. It is often difficult to identify the exact cause, but some factors that may play a role include:

• Genetic disorder
• Brain abnormalities or damage such as infection, trauma, tumor, or bleeding into the brain

Risk Factors

Factors that may increase your child's chance of seizure disorder include:

• Premature birth or low birth weight
• Damage to brain during birth
• Abnormal brain structure
• Traumatic brain injury
• Brain infection
• Brain tumor
• History of febrile seizures
• Seizure within the first month after birth
• Family history of seizure disorder
• Cysticercosis—an infection caused by a pork tapeworm

Symptoms

Symptoms can vary depending on the type of seizure disorder. These may include:

• Aura—a sensation at the start of a seizure such as perception of an odd smell or sound, spots appearing in front of the eyes, or stomach sensations
• Staring, eye blinking, or eye rolling
• Loss of consciousness
• Repeated jerking of a single limb
• Uncontrollable jerking of muscles
• Hand rubbing, lip smacking, or picking at clothing
• Loss of bladder or bowel control
• Drowsiness or confusion after a seizure

Diagnosis

You will be asked about your child’s symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done.

Tests may include:

• Blood tests
• Lumbar puncture —to evaluate the cerebrospinal fluid that protects the brain and spinal cord

Imaging tests evaluate the brain and surrounding structures. These may include:

• MRI scan
• CT scan

Your brain may be tested. This can be done with:

• Electroencephalogram (EEG)
• Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

Treatment

Treatments options include:

Prevention

There are no known ways to prevent every type of seizure disorder. You can take steps to prevent your child from brain injuries or conditions that could lead to seizures:

• Get prenatal care.
• Be sure that your child always wears a helmet when doing certain activities such as bike riding, skateboarding, and playing contact sports.
• Have your child wear seat belts or sit in a car seat when riding in a car.
• Teach your child never to dive into water. To be safe, your child should always go into the water feet first.