Self-monitoring

Blood glucose should be tested at least 4 times per day (before breakfast, lunch, dinner, and bedtime). Some people may need to check it more often.

It can be monitored using a home kit. It includes a special device to obtain a drop of blood. The drop of blood is applied to a test strip used with a glucometer device. The device reads the test strip and displays the test result. This information can be shared with a person's doctor to help manage care.

Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)

HbA1c is a blood test that shows a person's average blood glucose level over 2 to 3 months.

Test results are given in percentages:

• Less than 7%:—good diabetes control
• 7% to 8%—moderate control
• 8% to 9%—fair control
• Greater than or equal to 9%—poor control

Ketone Testing

A ketone test checks the urine or blood for ketones. The body breaks down fat when it cannot use glucose for energy. Ketones are a by-product of this process. Large amounts of ketones can lead to a deadly problem called diabetic ketoacidosis. It needs to be treated right away.

A ketone test has strips that are passed through the stream of urine or placed it in a cup of urine. The strip is compared against a color chart that shows whether ketones are in the urine. Ketones in the blood can be found using special glucose meters.

Regular Checkups

Type 1 diabetes affects many parts of the body. A person will need to see a doctor who treats people with diabetes. Other doctors may be also be needed. Examples include doctors who treat diabetes, eyes, and feet. Other care may be needed from a nurse and a dietitian.