Definition

Leukodystrophy is a rare genetic disorder that affects the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It happens when a protective nerve coating called myelin breaks down in the brain. This makes it hard for nerves to work as they should. The disease worsens over time.

There are 52 types of this disease. Each type affects a different part of myelin.

Neuronal Axon with Myelin Sheath Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.

Causes

Each type of this disease is the result of a specific faulty gene. They are mainly passed from parent to child. Some people may also have the faulty gene even though they do not have a family history of this disease.

Risk Factors

This disease is more common in people who have a family history of the disease.

Symptoms

Some types of this disease start after birth. Others may not start until childhood or adulthood.

Problems vary with each type. Common problems are:

• Problems with movement and balance
• Problems walking
• Eyesight and hearing problems
• Problems eating
• Memory loss
• Changes in behavior and thinking
• Problems speaking

Diagnosis

The doctor will ask about your symptoms and health history. A physical exam will be done.

Images of the brain may be taken. This can be done with:

• MRI scan
• CT scan

Other tests that may be done are:

• Blood tests, which include genetic testing
• Urine tests

Treatment

There is no cure. How it is treated depends on the type. The goal is to manage symptoms and provide support. Choices are:

• Medicines to ease symptoms and pain
• Physical, occupational, and speech therapy
• A dietitian to help with meal planning
• Education services to help with learning

Bone marrow transplant may slow or stop some types of the disease from getting worse.

Prevention

There are no current guidelines to prevent this disease.