Definition

Neuroblastoma is a rare cancer. It usually starts in nerve tissue near the adrenal glands. They are found just above the kidneys. However, some may start and grow in other parts of the body.

It may be found when your child is an baby. In some, the tumor may start before birth.

Adrenal Glands Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.

Causes

Cancer is when cells in the body split without control or order. These cells go on to form a growth or tumor. The term cancer refers to harmful growths. These growths attack nearby tissues. They also spread to other parts of the body. It’s not clear exactly what causes these problems. It’s likely a mix of genes and the environment.

Risk Factors

Neuroblastoma is mainly found in children under 5 years old. It’s also more common in males. Your child’s chances are also higher for:

• Family history
• Having neurofibromatosis type 1, Hirschsprung disease, or other rare, genetic diseases

Symptoms

Symptoms will depend on the where the tumor is and if it’s spread. Some include:

• A mass—usually the chest, neck, or belly
• Belly pain—may be swollen in babies
• Back or bone pain
• Bowel changes
• Problems passing urine
• Breathing problems
• Cough
• Weak muscles
• Eye problems
• Easy bruising or bleeding
• Weight loss

Problems may be caused by a hormone imbalance caused by the tumor. These will depend on the hormone.

Diagnosis

The doctor will ask about your child’s symptoms and health history. Your answers and a physical exam may point to a neuroblastoma.

Your child may also have:

• Blood tests
• Urine tests
• Tests for certain genes
• Biopsy
• Imaging tests such as:¥
  • Ultrasound
  • MRI scan
  • CT scan
  • Metaiodobenzylguanidine (mIBG) scan—to find tumor sites in the body

The test results will help find if the tumor is localized or if it’s spread. This helps with making a treatment plan.

Treatment

Some neuroblastomas go away on their own. Your child’s doctor may want a period of time to observe for any changes.

If needed, methods to treat neuroblastoma may be combined.

Prevention

There is no way to prevent neuroblastomas since the cause is unknown.