Definition

A central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) occurs when bacteria enters the bloodstream through a central line catheter. A central line catheter is a long, thin tube that is inserted through a vein until it reaches a larger vein close to the heart. It is used to deliver medication, nutrition, IV fluids, and chemotherapy.

Chemotherapy In the Bloodstream A central line catheter can be used to deliver chemotherapy. Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.

If bacteria start to grow on the central line catheter, they can easily enter the blood and cause a serious infection. This can lead to a condition called sepsis, which occurs when bacteria overwhelm the body.

Causes

Bacteria normally live on the skin. These bacteria will sometimes track along the outside of the catheter. From the catheter, they can get into the bloodstream.

Risk Factors

Factors that may increase your chance of a CLABSI:

• Having a catheter for a long time
• Having a catheter that is not coated with an antimicrobial—a substance that kills bacteria
• Having a catheter inserted into a vein in the thigh
• Having a weakened immune system
• Being in the intensive care unit
• Having an infection elsewhere in the body or skin

Symptoms

CLABSI may cause:

• Fever
• Chills
• Fast heart rate
• Redness, swelling, or tenderness at the catheter site
• Drainage from catheter site

Diagnosis

Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done.

Tests may include:

• Blood tests and cultures
• Urine tests
• Sputum tests
• Echocardiogram

Treatment

Talk with your doctor about the best treatment plan for you. Treatment options include the following:

• Antibiotics—Antibiotics are medications used to treat an infection. The kind of antibiotic you will be given depends on which bacteria is found in your blood.
• Central line care—Often, the central line catheter will need to be removed and replaced by a new catheter.

Prevention