Definition

A hemangioma is a type of birthmark. It develops shortly after birth, usually on the head or neck.

Causes

A hemangioma is a cluster of blood vessels that do not form properly. It is not known what causes this to happen.

Risk Factors

Things that raise a baby's risk of a hemangioma are:

• Premature birth
• PHACE syndrome

Symptoms

A hemangioma that is close to the skin surface:

• Looks like a red or purple bump on the skin
• May continue to grow and spread

A hemangioma that is deeper under the skin—looks like a bluish swelling

Some large hemangiomas may lead to:

• Ulceration—deep sores in the skin
• Scarring or deformity
• Problems with nearby structures—such as the eyes or airway
• Problems with blood vessels of the eye or brain
• Heart, kidney, gastrointestinal, brain, or spinal problems

Diagnosis

The doctor will ask about your child’s symptoms and health history. A physical exam will be done. Diagnosis may be based on the physical exam. The doctor may advise testing to rule out other problems.

Imaging tests can look at the hemangioma and nearby structures. These may include:

• CT scan
• MRI scan
• Angiography

Treatment

Most hemangiomas will go away on their own. The mark usually fades by age 5. It is often gone by puberty.

If the hemangioma is causing problems, the doctor may advise treatment. Options may be:

• Dressings—to help prevent infection and control oozing
• Medicines such as:
  • Acetaminophen to ease pain
  • Beta-blockers, steroids, or vincristine (rarely)—to help shrink the hemangioma
  • Topical ointments—to help with wound healing and pain relief
  • Antibiotics— to speed healing or treat infection
• Surgery—if hemangiomas cause pain, or problems with sight or breathing
• Lasers—to reduce blood vessels on the surface

Prevention

There are no current guidelines to prevent hemangiomas.