Nocturnal Leg Cramps
Condition
(Muscle Cramps; Nocturnal Muscles Cramps; Age-Related Cramps)
Definition
Nocturnal leg cramps are sudden spasms in the lower leg and foot muscles. The calf muscles are most often involved. The cramps are painful and often disrupt sleep.
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The exact cause of nocturnal leg cramps is unknown. They may be due to chemical imbalances. This may lead to problems with the nerves, muscles, or blood supply.
Risk Factors
Nocturnal leg cramps are more common in people at least 50 years of age. Other things that raise the risk are:
- Pregnancy
- Alcohol use disorder
- Overusing muscles
- Sitting for a long time, or standing on hard surfaces
- Flat feet or other foot or ankle deformities
- Certain medicines, such as those to treat high blood pressure and high cholesterol
- Some health issues, such as:
- Diseases of the liver, kidneys, heart, and blood vessels
- Cancer
- Hormone disorders—such as thyroid disorders or diabetes
- Neurological disorders—such as Parkinson disease and peripheral neuropathy
- Imbalances in minerals—such as calcium, potassium, and magnesium
- Dehydration
Symptoms
The main symptom is a sudden cramp in the calf or foot muscle.
Diagnosis
The doctor will ask about symptoms and health history. A physical exam will be done. Diagnosis is based on symptoms.
Blood tests and imaging tests may be done to check for underlying causes.
Treatment
The goal of treatment is to reduce cramps. It may also include treating any underlying causes.
If no cause is found, treatment options are:
- Stretching leg muscles—when cramps occur
- Standing on the affected leg and walking—to help stop cramping
- Massage, and hot or cold treatments—to relax the muscles
Prevention
The risk of nocturnal leg cramps may be reduced by:
- Exercising and stretching the legs and feet
- Drinking plenty of liquids
- Wearing comfortable, supportive shoes
Medications
Medicines may be used if the cramps are severe. Options are:
- Muscle relaxants
- Calcium channel blockers
- Anticonvulsants
Family Doctor—American Academy of Family Physicians
Ortho Info—American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
CANADIAN RESOURCES:
Canadian Orthopaedic Foundation
The College of Family Physicians of Canada
Family Doctor—American Academy of Family Physicians
Ortho Info—American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
CANADIAN RESOURCES:
Canadian Orthopaedic Foundation
The College of Family Physicians of Canada
References
- Delacour, C., Chambe, J., et al. Association between physical activity and nocturnal leg cramps in patients over 60 years old: a case-control study. Scientific Reports, 2020; 10 (1): 2638.
- Nocturnal leg cramps. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at: https://www.dynamed.com/condition/nocturnal-leg-cramps.
- Roguin Maor, N., Alperin, M., et al. Effect of magnesium oxide supplementation on nocturnal leg cramps: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Internal Medicine, 2017; 177 (5): 617-623.
Contributors
- Mary-Beth Seymour, RN
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